Online Learning & Student Engagement Episodes
Jan. 26, 2026
What If Training Costs Were Costless for Employers & Debt Free for Students? - with Pierre Dubuc, Co-Founder & CEO, OpenClassrooms
It's YOUR time to #EdUp with Pierre Dubuc, Co-Founder & CEO, OpenClassrooms
In this episode, President Series #440, powered by Ellucian, & sponsored by the 2026 InsightsEDU Conference in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, February 17-19,
YOUR cohost is Darius Goldman, Founder & CEO, Career-Bond
YOUR host is Elvin Freytes
How does OpenClassrooms, a public benefit corporation, train & place 43,000 students annually through competency based education, industry mentorship, & employer aligned degree...
In this episode, President Series #440, powered by Ellucian, & sponsored by the 2026 InsightsEDU Conference in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, February 17-19,
YOUR cohost is Darius Goldman, Founder & CEO, Career-Bond
YOUR host is Elvin Freytes
How does OpenClassrooms, a public benefit corporation, train & place 43,000 students annually through competency based education, industry mentorship, & employer aligned degree...
Oct. 8, 2025
What America's Original Community College Teaches About the Future - with Dr. Clyne Namuo, President, Joliet Junior College
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, President Series #411, powered by Ellucian, & sponsored by the 2026 InsightsEDU Conference in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, February 17-19,
YOUR guest is Dr. Clyne Namuo, President, Joliet Junior College
YOUR co-host is Christi Segal, Vice President Managed Services & Executive Business Engagement, Ellucian
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How does America's 1st community college create a digital twin president called "Cyber Clyne" to personal...
In this episode, President Series #411, powered by Ellucian, & sponsored by the 2026 InsightsEDU Conference in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, February 17-19,
YOUR guest is Dr. Clyne Namuo, President, Joliet Junior College
YOUR co-host is Christi Segal, Vice President Managed Services & Executive Business Engagement, Ellucian
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How does America's 1st community college create a digital twin president called "Cyber Clyne" to personal...
Aug. 5, 2025
Why Your Tuition Reimbursement Program Is Broken & How to Fix It - with Robert Towner, Associate Vice President, EDGE - Northeastern University
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
Stay ahead of the conversation in higher ed. Get early, ad-free access & exclusive leadership content by supporting Elvin & Joe for only $5.99 a month. YOU can also donate or gift a subscription at edupexperience.com
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Robert Towner, Associate Vice President, EDGE - Northeastern University
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How does Northeastern's Edge unit break away from traditional academic silos to create interdisciplinary programs...
Stay ahead of the conversation in higher ed. Get early, ad-free access & exclusive leadership content by supporting Elvin & Joe for only $5.99 a month. YOU can also donate or gift a subscription at edupexperience.com
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Robert Towner, Associate Vice President, EDGE - Northeastern University
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How does Northeastern's Edge unit break away from traditional academic silos to create interdisciplinary programs...
May 20, 2025
What Makes Champlain College's Online Retention Rate So High? - with Christa Montagnino, Vice President for Online Operations, Champlain College
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, brought to YOU by HigherEd PodCon
YOUR guest is Christa Montagnino , Vice President for Online Operations at Champlain College
YOUR cohost is Shubh Mishra , Head of Business Development & Partnerships, LeadSquared
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How has Champlain College Online grown to over 100 programs in just 2.5 years?
What role does AI literacy play across all degree programs at Champlain?
How is Champlain ...
In this episode, brought to YOU by HigherEd PodCon
YOUR guest is Christa Montagnino , Vice President for Online Operations at Champlain College
YOUR cohost is Shubh Mishra , Head of Business Development & Partnerships, LeadSquared
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How has Champlain College Online grown to over 100 programs in just 2.5 years?
What role does AI literacy play across all degree programs at Champlain?
How is Champlain ...
April 21, 2025
How One College Increased Retention by 5% Through Mobile Technology - with Dr. Anne Clancy, National Executive, Higher Education Strategy, T-Mobile
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, brought to YOU by HigherEd PodCon
YOUR guest is Dr. Anne Clancy, National Executive, Higher Education Strategy, T-Mobile
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How is T-Mobile helping close the digital divide in higher education?
What makes ubiquitous connectivity essential for today's students?
How can universities justify the investment in technology infrastructure?
Why did one college see a 5% increase in retention...
In this episode, brought to YOU by HigherEd PodCon
YOUR guest is Dr. Anne Clancy, National Executive, Higher Education Strategy, T-Mobile
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How is T-Mobile helping close the digital divide in higher education?
What makes ubiquitous connectivity essential for today's students?
How can universities justify the investment in technology infrastructure?
Why did one college see a 5% increase in retention...
April 13, 2025
How Quality Matters is Revolutionizing Online Education - with Deb Adair, CEO, Quality Matters
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, brought to YOU by HigherEd PodCon
YOUR guest is Deb Adair, CEO, Quality Matters
YOUR cohost is Dr. Greg D. Pillar, Assistant Provost for Academic Affairs, Gardner-Webb University
YOUR host is Dr. Laurie Shanderson, Host, EdUp Accreditation Insights
How has Quality Matters evolved over 20 years in online education?
What impact does QM have on faculty development & student success?
How are institutions balancing online ...
In this episode, brought to YOU by HigherEd PodCon
YOUR guest is Deb Adair, CEO, Quality Matters
YOUR cohost is Dr. Greg D. Pillar, Assistant Provost for Academic Affairs, Gardner-Webb University
YOUR host is Dr. Laurie Shanderson, Host, EdUp Accreditation Insights
How has Quality Matters evolved over 20 years in online education?
What impact does QM have on faculty development & student success?
How are institutions balancing online ...
March 12, 2025
LIVE from the InsightsEDU 2025 Conference - with Carmin Chan, Vice Provost, NAU Online, Northern Arizona University
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, recorded LIVE from the InsightsEDU 2025 Conference in New Orleans
YOUR guest is Carmin Chan, Vice Provost, NAU Online, Northern Arizona University
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
In this compelling episode, Dr. Chan shares valuable insights about NAU Online's transformation & how they're evolving to better serve the modern learner.
Speaking from the InsightsEDU conference, Dr. Chan reveals how NAU is reimagining their online education approach aft...
In this episode, recorded LIVE from the InsightsEDU 2025 Conference in New Orleans
YOUR guest is Carmin Chan, Vice Provost, NAU Online, Northern Arizona University
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
In this compelling episode, Dr. Chan shares valuable insights about NAU Online's transformation & how they're evolving to better serve the modern learner.
Speaking from the InsightsEDU conference, Dr. Chan reveals how NAU is reimagining their online education approach aft...
Jan. 21, 2025
What It Takes to Keep Higher Ed Programs Market-Relevant - with Doris Savron, Vice Provost of Colleges, Assessment & Curriculum, University of Phoenix (UOP)
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, brought to YOU by the InsightsEDU 2025 conference& Ellucian LIVE 2025
YOUR guest is Doris Savron, Vice Provost of Colleges, Assessment & Curriculum, University of Phoenix (UOP)
YOUR cohost is Dr. Jodi (Ashbrook) Blinco, Vice President for Enrollment Management Consulting, EducationDynamics
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How does UOP maintain curriculum relevancy through regular program health check...
In this episode, brought to YOU by the InsightsEDU 2025 conference& Ellucian LIVE 2025
YOUR guest is Doris Savron, Vice Provost of Colleges, Assessment & Curriculum, University of Phoenix (UOP)
YOUR cohost is Dr. Jodi (Ashbrook) Blinco, Vice President for Enrollment Management Consulting, EducationDynamics
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How does UOP maintain curriculum relevancy through regular program health check...
2
Dec. 16, 2024
Episode 1,000: Elvin Freytes & Dr. Joe Sallustio
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, #1,000, brought to YOU by the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guests are Elvin Freytes & Dr. Joe Sallustio
How did EdUp grow from humble beginnings to 400,000+ organic downloads?
What makes EdUp the most prolific higher ed podcast network?
How has EdUp chronicled transformative moments in higher education?
Why is building community crucial for podcast success?
What's next for The EdUp Experience brand?
How ...
In this episode, #1,000, brought to YOU by the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guests are Elvin Freytes & Dr. Joe Sallustio
How did EdUp grow from humble beginnings to 400,000+ organic downloads?
What makes EdUp the most prolific higher ed podcast network?
How has EdUp chronicled transformative moments in higher education?
Why is building community crucial for podcast success?
What's next for The EdUp Experience brand?
How ...
10
Dec. 2, 2024
994: Reimagining Digital Learning & Community - with Joel Podolny, CEO, Honor Education
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, #994, brought to YOU by the MSCHE 2024 conference, & the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guest is Joel Podolny, CEO, Honor Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How can we put human connection at the center of digital learning?
Why do traditional discussion boards fall short in online education?
How can we reimagine course design for the modern learner?
What role does AI play in enhancing human r...
In this episode, #994, brought to YOU by the MSCHE 2024 conference, & the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guest is Joel Podolny, CEO, Honor Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How can we put human connection at the center of digital learning?
Why do traditional discussion boards fall short in online education?
How can we reimagine course design for the modern learner?
What role does AI play in enhancing human r...
2
Nov. 18, 2024
986: Beyond Traditional Models - with Steve Beard, President & CEO, Adtalem Global Education
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, #986, brought to YOU by the MSCHE 2024 conference, & the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guest is Steve Beard, President & CEO, Adtalem Global Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How is Adtalem addressing critical healthcare workforce shortages?
Why are they the largest provider of healthcare education in the US?
How are they breaking down barriers for underrepresented students?
What's driving their recent 30% stock price grow...
In this episode, #986, brought to YOU by the MSCHE 2024 conference, & the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guest is Steve Beard, President & CEO, Adtalem Global Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How is Adtalem addressing critical healthcare workforce shortages?
Why are they the largest provider of healthcare education in the US?
How are they breaking down barriers for underrepresented students?
What's driving their recent 30% stock price grow...
12
Nov. 11, 2024
982: The Future of Work-Based Learning - with Scott Pulsipher, President, Western Governors University
It's YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, #982, President Series (Powered By Ellucian) #314, & brought to YOU by the MSCHE 2024 conference, & the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guest is Scott Pulsipher, President, Western Governors University
YOUR cohost is Kevin Harrington, Co-Founder & CEO, Rize Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How is WGU serving 180k concurrent learners through competency-based education?
What insights can traditional institutions learn...
In this episode, #982, President Series (Powered By Ellucian) #314, & brought to YOU by the MSCHE 2024 conference, & the InsightsEDU 2025 conference
YOUR guest is Scott Pulsipher, President, Western Governors University
YOUR cohost is Kevin Harrington, Co-Founder & CEO, Rize Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
How is WGU serving 180k concurrent learners through competency-based education?
What insights can traditional institutions learn...
14
Dec. 26, 2023
785: How to Develop Visionary Higher Ed Leaders - with Steve Hodownes, Non-Executive Board Chair, Corestream
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Steve Hodownes, Non- Executive Board Chair, Corestream
YOUR guest co-host is Dr. Gregory Fowler, President, University of Maryland Global Campus
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors is Ellucian Live 2024 & InsightsEDU
What leadership approaches are needed to guide higher education through disruption?
What does the future likely hold for the evolution of degrees, credentials & stackability?
What does Steve see as the futu...
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Steve Hodownes, Non- Executive Board Chair, Corestream
YOUR guest co-host is Dr. Gregory Fowler, President, University of Maryland Global Campus
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors is Ellucian Live 2024 & InsightsEDU
What leadership approaches are needed to guide higher education through disruption?
What does the future likely hold for the evolution of degrees, credentials & stackability?
What does Steve see as the futu...
12
Nov. 9, 2023
740: Reaching the Unreachable Student - with Ryan Ross, CEO of Olivia Technologies
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Ryan Ross, CEO of Olivia Technologies
YOUR guest host is Elliot Markowitz, Chief Content Strategist, Founder at EMedia Strategies
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
How does Ryan & his team, through their device, help reach the unreachable student?
Why does higher education need this device?
What does Ryan see as the future of Higher Education?
Listen in to #EdUp!
Thank YOU so much...
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Ryan Ross, CEO of Olivia Technologies
YOUR guest host is Elliot Markowitz, Chief Content Strategist, Founder at EMedia Strategies
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
How does Ryan & his team, through their device, help reach the unreachable student?
Why does higher education need this device?
What does Ryan see as the future of Higher Education?
Listen in to #EdUp!
Thank YOU so much...
10
Nov. 7, 2023
738: Redefining Assessment in an AI Age - with Annie Chechitelli, Chief Product Officer at Turnitin
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Annie Chechitelli, Chief Product Officer at Turnitin
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
Why & how should higher education redefine assessment in an AI age?
How has Turnitin evolved from its inception to the fast changing technology environment we all find ourselves in today?
What does Annie see as the future of higher education?
Listen in to #EdUp!
T...
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Annie Chechitelli, Chief Product Officer at Turnitin
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
Why & how should higher education redefine assessment in an AI age?
How has Turnitin evolved from its inception to the fast changing technology environment we all find ourselves in today?
What does Annie see as the future of higher education?
Listen in to #EdUp!
T...
9
Nov. 6, 2023
737: Reskilling Adults Affordably - with Benny Boas, CEO at Upright Education
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Benny Boas, CEO at Upright Education
YOUR host is Elvin Freytes
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
How can community colleges provide affordable, in-demand digital skills training to adults looking to switch careers?
What creative ways can higher education institutions partner with workforce training companies to expand offerings without significant upfront costs?
What does Benny se...
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Benny Boas, CEO at Upright Education
YOUR host is Elvin Freytes
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
How can community colleges provide affordable, in-demand digital skills training to adults looking to switch careers?
What creative ways can higher education institutions partner with workforce training companies to expand offerings without significant upfront costs?
What does Benny se...
4
Oct. 30, 2023
732: What's Hot in Higher Ed Marketing - with Stephen Jendraszak & Myla Edmond, Co-Chairs of the 2023 AMA Symposium for the Marketing of Higher Education
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guests are Stephen Jendraszak & Myla Edmond, Co-Chairs of the 2023 AMA Symposium for the Marketing of Higher Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
What are the hot topics right now in higher education marketing?
What does it take to put on the premier marketing event for higher education?
What's the future of higher education marketing?
Listen in to #Ed...
In this episode,
YOUR guests are Stephen Jendraszak & Myla Edmond, Co-Chairs of the 2023 AMA Symposium for the Marketing of Higher Education
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) & InsightsEDU
What are the hot topics right now in higher education marketing?
What does it take to put on the premier marketing event for higher education?
What's the future of higher education marketing?
Listen in to #Ed...
12
Sept. 20, 2023
712: An Upside Down Curriculum - with Christa Montagnino, Vice President for Online Operations at Champlain College
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Christa Montagnino, Vice President for Online Operations at Champlain College
YOUR guest cohost is Dr. Bruce C. Kusch, President of Ensign College
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are InsightsEDU & Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
What does an upside down curriculum look like at Champlain online?
What’s one major initiative that Champlain is working on with their online students?
What...
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Christa Montagnino, Vice President for Online Operations at Champlain College
YOUR guest cohost is Dr. Bruce C. Kusch, President of Ensign College
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are InsightsEDU & Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
What does an upside down curriculum look like at Champlain online?
What’s one major initiative that Champlain is working on with their online students?
What...
10
Sept. 18, 2023
710: A Hunger for Excellence - with Eric Hogue, President of Colorado Christian University
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, President Series #236
YOUR guest is Eric Hogue, President of Colorado Christian University (CCU)
YOUR guest cohost is Dr. Larry Johnson Jr., President, Guttman Community College.
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are InsightsEDU & Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How does Eric's hunger for excellence trickle down to CCU's community, & YOU, after listening to this episode?
What does Eric believe every...
In this episode, President Series #236
YOUR guest is Eric Hogue, President of Colorado Christian University (CCU)
YOUR guest cohost is Dr. Larry Johnson Jr., President, Guttman Community College.
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio
YOUR sponsors are InsightsEDU & Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How does Eric's hunger for excellence trickle down to CCU's community, & YOU, after listening to this episode?
What does Eric believe every...
9
June 28, 2023
652: Swirling Students - with Wallace Boston, General Partner at Green Street Impact Partners
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Wallace Boston, General Partner at Green Street Impact Partners
YOUR guest co-host is Dr. Bill Pepicello, host of EdUp Insights
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsors are Element451's ENGAGE Summit & Anthology Together 2023
What are swirling students?
What is a NanoCert® & why does it exist?
What does Wallace see as the future of Higher Education?
Listen in to #EdUp!
Thank YOU so much for tuning in. Join us on the next episod...
In this episode,
YOUR guest is Wallace Boston, General Partner at Green Street Impact Partners
YOUR guest co-host is Dr. Bill Pepicello, host of EdUp Insights
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsors are Element451's ENGAGE Summit & Anthology Together 2023
What are swirling students?
What is a NanoCert® & why does it exist?
What does Wallace see as the future of Higher Education?
Listen in to #EdUp!
Thank YOU so much for tuning in. Join us on the next episod...
12
May 2, 2023
613: The 5th Evolution - with Nuno Fernandes, President of American Public University System
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, President Series #218
YOUR guest is Nuno Fernandes, President of American Public University System
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsor is Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
What does Nuno define as the 5th evolution?
What does Nuno see as Higher Ed's big challenge?
What does Nuno see as the future of Higher Ed?
Listen in to #EdUp!
Thank YOU so much for tuning in. Join us on the next episode for YOUR time to EdUp!...
In this episode, President Series #218
YOUR guest is Nuno Fernandes, President of American Public University System
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsor is Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
What does Nuno define as the 5th evolution?
What does Nuno see as Higher Ed's big challenge?
What does Nuno see as the future of Higher Ed?
Listen in to #EdUp!
Thank YOU so much for tuning in. Join us on the next episode for YOUR time to EdUp!...
8
April 24, 2023
609: Employability Skills - with Dr. Richard Senese, President of Capella University
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, President Series #215
YOUR guest is Dr. Richard Senese, President of Capella University
YOUR guest cohost is John Farrar, Director of Education at Google!
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsor is Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How does competency based education provide learners with employability skills?
Why is Capella leaning into informal interviews?
What does Richard see as the future of Higher Ed?
Listen in...
In this episode, President Series #215
YOUR guest is Dr. Richard Senese, President of Capella University
YOUR guest cohost is John Farrar, Director of Education at Google!
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsor is Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How does competency based education provide learners with employability skills?
Why is Capella leaning into informal interviews?
What does Richard see as the future of Higher Ed?
Listen in...
5
April 17, 2023
606: Global Impact - with Marni Baker Stein, Chief Content Officer at Coursera
We welcome YOU back to America's leading higher education podcast, The EdUp Experience!
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode
YOUR guest is Marni Baker Stein, Chief Content Officer at Coursera
YOUR guest cohost is Lisa Honaker, Director, Expansion Sales at Highspot
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsor is Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How is Coursera creating educational experiences for all learners on a global scale?
What is Coursera working on to b...
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode
YOUR guest is Marni Baker Stein, Chief Content Officer at Coursera
YOUR guest cohost is Lisa Honaker, Director, Expansion Sales at Highspot
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsor is Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How is Coursera creating educational experiences for all learners on a global scale?
What is Coursera working on to b...
5
March 27, 2023
579: How to Lead From the Front - with Scott Pulsipher, President of Western Governors University
We welcome YOU back to America's leading higher education podcast, The EdUp Experience!
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, President Series #210
YOUR guest is Scott Pulsipher, President of Western Governors University (WGU),
YOUR guest cohost is Pat Cassella, Executive Director at the United States Distance Learning Association (USDLA),
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsors are Ellucian LIVE 2023 & Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How does Sco...
It’s YOUR time to #EdUp
In this episode, President Series #210
YOUR guest is Scott Pulsipher, President of Western Governors University (WGU),
YOUR guest cohost is Pat Cassella, Executive Director at the United States Distance Learning Association (USDLA),
YOUR host is Dr. Joe Sallustio &
YOUR sponsors are Ellucian LIVE 2023 & Commencement: The Beginning of a New Era In Higher Education!
How does Sco...